Gagné’s (1984) nine events of instruction and examples in the OLE

Table 4.

Gagné’s (1984) nine events of instruction and examples in the OLE

Gagné’s (1984) nine events of instruction	Examples in the OLE
Attention from the students	Images, videos, and cartoons can be used to get attentions from students
Notification of the objectives	Students could be informed of the objectives through a clear written form or a spoken language.
Recall of previous learning	Students previous learning in native culture and native language is recalled to learn target culture and target language.
Content presentation	Cultural content is provided through online courses. The content is delivered by tools or media such as Quizlet, Youtube, and images.
Learning guidance	Guidance to learning and tasks is provided through question and answer forum. In addition, the OLE has course progress bar that tells the learners what to take further.
Students’ performance	Students are supposed to speak and write in target language in the OLE.
Feedback	Students are getting feedback about their activities through Voicethread and Google Drive
Assessment	Students’ words activities, speaking activities, and writing activities are assessed to measure their learning outcomes.
Enhance and transfer	Review section and reflection section are given at the end of online courses.

Tools and media in an OLE according to task knowledge and cognitive processing level

Table 3.

Tools and media in an OLE according to task knowledge and cognitive processing level

Tools and media in the OLE	Task knowledge level 1	Task knowledge level 2	Task knowledge level 3	Task knowledge level 4	Task  knowledge  level 5
Cognitive processing level 1	Quizlet flash card and Quizlet Quiz	Quizlet phrase and expression card	Youtube watching and listening
Cognitive processing level 2	Words online quiz	Commenting in an OLE, Facebook, or Forum	Reading online article about target culture
Cognitive processing level 3		Sharing experience in Facebook or Forum
Cognitive processing level 4	Writing about native culture in Facebook or Forum			Talking about target culture through Vociethread	Finding information on the web and sharing it in Forum
Cognitive processing level 5	Talking about native culture through Voicethread			Writing about target culture in Facebook or Forum	Intercultural communication through Voicethread

Note: Adapted from "Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective". By Ertmer & Newby (2013). Performance Improvement Quarterly, p.62

Activities in OLEs according to task knowledge level and cognitive processing level

Table 2.

Activities in OLEs according to task knowledge level and cognitive processing level

Activities in the OLE	Task knowledge level 1	Task knowledge level 2	Task knowledge level 3	Task knowledge level 4	Task  knowledge  level 5
Cognitive processing level 1	Words flash card	Phrases flash card
Cognitive processing level 2	Word quiz	Phrase quiz	Target culture learning
Cognitive processing level 3		Sharing experience in Facebook	Talking about native culture
Cognitive processing level 4	Talking about native culture		Writing about native culture	Talking about target culture	Finding information on the web
Cognitive processing level 5	Writing about native culture			Writing about target culture	Intercultural communication

Note: Adapted from "Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective". By Ertmer & Newby (2013). Performance Improvement Quarterly, p.62

Types of Learning and examples in OLEs

Table 1. Types of Learning and examples in OLEs

Gagné (1965)’s Types of Learning	Examples in OLEs
Signal learning: Pavlov’s conditioned response	Whole process of learning - words, expressions, listening, speaking, reading, writing
Stimulus-response learning: Exact response to selected stimulus	Repeating pronunciation of words, words game in Quizlet
Chaining: Connection of multiple stimulus-responses	Acquiring correct spelling of words through Quizlet and writing sentences in grammatical order of words
Verbal association: Chaining in terms of language	Writing in forums in an OLE and speaking sentences with words and expressions given to them in an Voicethread activity
Multiple discrimination: Showing different responses to various different stimuli resembling each other	Transferring native cultures to target cultures learning / Transferring knowledge of a native language to learn a new language
Concept learning: Telling a whole class of objects from other things.	Learning rules of languages to form sentences in writing and speaking activity
Principle learning: A link of multiple concepts	Learning systemized rules of languages to form sentences in writing and speaking activity; the rules are combined to a total language system.
Problem solving: Using concept and principle to solve problems	Finding information on website written in target language and performing problem solving tasks such as using public transportation and ordering sandwiches.

Note: Adated from “Principles of language learning and teaching”. By Brown, H. D. (2007). White Plains, NY : Pearson Longman, c2007, pp. 100-101.

Design Map of OLEs to Teach English Online with Cultural Content

Figure 1. Design map of OLEs to teach English online with cultural content